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Exercise Page 147
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HINTS:
- Line 1 of the exercise on Page 148 contains the word कस्मिंश्चिद् which is the neuter 7/1 of the indefinite pronoun formed by combining कस्मिन् + चिद् (see Lesson 24 for the relevant sandhi rule)
- Line 7 of the exercise on Page 148 contains the compound न्यग्रोधपादपच्छायायां. The insertion of च् between पादप and छायायां is due to the following sandhi rule: च् is inserted between छ् and a preceding vowel (optional if the vowel is long and at the end of a word)
- Line 11 of the exercise on Page 148 contains अन्यैर्विहगैः. This is a combined way of writing अन्यैर् विहगैः (which is अन्यैः विहगैः after sandhi). This combined writing convention will be taught in Lesson 24.
Compounds
Compounds are a unique and significant feature of Sanskrit. A compound is really just a phrase of two or more noun stems put together without their endings. Very rarely does a compound express something that cannot be expressed in an uncompounded phrase. However compounds are briefer and considered more aesthetic in Sanskrit than uncompounded phrases.
For example, the phrase 'due to the maturation of sins done at a previous time' (based on the English to Sanskrit exercise on Page 133) can be expressed with the uncompounded phrase 'पूर्वस्मिन् काले कृतानां पापानां विपाकेन'. However it is considered more aesthetic to express the same phrase as the compound 'पूर्वकालकृतपापविपाकेन'. The difference is only the presence or absence of noun endings, but the latter is favoured as more succinct in Sanskrit.
A compound is usually formed by combining two noun stems to form a new noun. For example नदी + तीर = नदीतीर. This new noun can now be used in a sentence, e.g. नदीतीरे तापसः वसति. Most short compounds have intuitive meanings. Since नदी means 'river', and तीर means 'bank', it be easily guessed without any analysis that नदीतीर means 'riverbank' or 'bank of river'. However the analysis and classification of short compounds help in correctly understanding the meaning of longer and more complex compounds.
The best way to analyze a compound is to 'break' it into an uncompounded phrase. This is done by writing a sentence that reflects the intuitive meaning of the compound. For example, नदीतीरः means 'bank of river' or 'नद्याः तीरः'. This sentence form of a broken compound is called a विग्रहवाक्य. Once the विग्रहवाक्य is formed, the compound can be easily analyzed and classified.
These steps can be followed in order to translate and analyze a simple compound:
For example, the phrase 'due to the maturation of sins done at a previous time' (based on the English to Sanskrit exercise on Page 133) can be expressed with the uncompounded phrase 'पूर्वस्मिन् काले कृतानां पापानां विपाकेन'. However it is considered more aesthetic to express the same phrase as the compound 'पूर्वकालकृतपापविपाकेन'. The difference is only the presence or absence of noun endings, but the latter is favoured as more succinct in Sanskrit.
A compound is usually formed by combining two noun stems to form a new noun. For example नदी + तीर = नदीतीर. This new noun can now be used in a sentence, e.g. नदीतीरे तापसः वसति. Most short compounds have intuitive meanings. Since नदी means 'river', and तीर means 'bank', it be easily guessed without any analysis that नदीतीर means 'riverbank' or 'bank of river'. However the analysis and classification of short compounds help in correctly understanding the meaning of longer and more complex compounds.
The best way to analyze a compound is to 'break' it into an uncompounded phrase. This is done by writing a sentence that reflects the intuitive meaning of the compound. For example, नदीतीरः means 'bank of river' or 'नद्याः तीरः'. This sentence form of a broken compound is called a विग्रहवाक्य. Once the विग्रहवाक्य is formed, the compound can be easily analyzed and classified.
These steps can be followed in order to translate and analyze a simple compound:
- Identify the stems that form the compound, e.g. नदी + तीर
- Find the meanings of the stems, e.g. नदी = river, तीर = bank
- Translate the compound intuitively, ensuring to: a) translate as a phrase, not a compound (e.g. नदीतीर = bank of river, not 'riverbank'); b) translate the exact meanings of the stems
- Express the translated compound as a विग्रहवाक्य in Sanskrit, e.g. 'bank of river' = नद्याः तीरः
- Identify the type of compound based on the classifications explained below.
तत्पुरुष
Compounds are classified based on what the compound as a whole refers to. A compound that as a whole refers to the second word of the compound is called a तत्पुरुष compound. The compound नदीतीर as a whole refers to the तीर. (This is seen from the fact that in the sentence नदीतीरे तापसः वसति 'The ascetic lives on the riverbank', it is the bank that the ascetic is living on, not the river. The word 'river' is simply qualifying the bank.) Therefore नदीतीर is a तत्पुरुष compound.
तत्पुरुष compounds are further classified based on the case of the first word in the विग्रहवाक्य for the compound. The विग्रहवाक्य for 'नदीतीरः' is नद्याः तीरः, where the first word 'नद्याः' is in sixth case. Therefore नदीतीर is a sixth case तत्पुरुष. In the solutions to the exercises on this website, words within a compound will be hyphenated. By convention, a तत्पुरुष compound will be indicated by the abbreviation "TP" followed by the case of the first word of the compound. For example, 'नदीतीर:' will be written as 'नदी-TP6तीरः'.
तत्पुरुष compounds are further classified based on the case of the first word in the विग्रहवाक्य for the compound. The विग्रहवाक्य for 'नदीतीरः' is नद्याः तीरः, where the first word 'नद्याः' is in sixth case. Therefore नदीतीर is a sixth case तत्पुरुष. In the solutions to the exercises on this website, words within a compound will be hyphenated. By convention, a तत्पुरुष compound will be indicated by the abbreviation "TP" followed by the case of the first word of the compound. For example, 'नदीतीर:' will be written as 'नदी-TP6तीरः'.
By convention, a तत्पुरुष compound will be indicated by the abbreviation "TP" followed by the case of the first word of the compound. For example, 'नदीतीर:' will be written as 'नदी-TP6तीरः'.
कर्मधारय
A कर्मधारय compound is a special type of तत्पुरुष compound in which the first word is an adjective or noun that describes the second word. Thus in the विग्रहवाक्य, both the first and second words will be in the same case. For example, the compound दीर्घसर्पः means 'long snake', and its विग्रहवाक्य is 'दीर्घः सर्पः'. Similarly, गंगानदी means 'the river Ganga', and its विग्रहवाक्य is simply 'गंगा नदी'.
In the solutions to the exercises on this website, a कर्मधारय compound is indicated by the abbreviation KD.
In the solutions to the exercises on this website, a कर्मधारय compound is indicated by the abbreviation KD.
Compounds with PPPs
It is worth mentioning two common types of compounds that are formed with a PPP (past passive participle) as one of the words in the compound. When a PPP is the second word in a compound, the compound is usually a third case तत्पुरुष. For example, वृक्षपरिवेष्टितः (वृक्ष = 'tree', परिवेष्टितः 'surrounded') means 'surrounded by trees'. Its विग्रहवाक्य is 'वृक्षैः परिवेष्टितः'.
When a PPP is the first word in a compound, the compound is usually a कर्मधारय, and the PPP acts as an adjective for the second word. For example पुष्पितशाखाः (पुष्पित = flowered, शाखा = branch) means 'flowered branches'. Its विग्रहवाक्य is 'पुष्पिताः शाखाः'. (NOTE: One may be tempted to translate the compound as 'branches with flowers' or some other variation. Keep in mind that a compound must be translated with the exact meanings of stems, i.e. पुष्पित means 'flowered', not 'flowers', etc.)
When a PPP is the first word in a compound, the compound is usually a कर्मधारय, and the PPP acts as an adjective for the second word. For example पुष्पितशाखाः (पुष्पित = flowered, शाखा = branch) means 'flowered branches'. Its विग्रहवाक्य is 'पुष्पिताः शाखाः'. (NOTE: One may be tempted to translate the compound as 'branches with flowers' or some other variation. Keep in mind that a compound must be translated with the exact meanings of stems, i.e. पुष्पित means 'flowered', not 'flowers', etc.)
NOTE: Keep in mind that sandhi can easily occur between words in a compound. For example, पराग + अन्वेषण = परागान्वेषण. An additional sandhi is introduced in the exercise of this lesson. When छ् is preceded by a short vowel, च् is optionally added before छ्. For example, तरु + छाया = तरुच्छाया, and न्यग्रोधपादप + छाया = न्यग्रोधपादपच्छाया.
NOTE: The word 'कोऽपि' is introduced in the exercise of this lesson. This word is an indefinite pronoun, equivalent to 'कश्चिद्'. Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding any one of the three suffixes चिद्, चन, or अपि to the appropriate form of the interrogative pronoun किम्. Thus masculine 1/1 कः + अपि becomes कोऽपि by visarga sandhi. On Page 148, the form कस्मिंश्चिद् is used. This is the neuter 7/1 form कस्मिन् + चिद्. A new sandhi rule applies: न् + च् = ंश्च.
