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Exercise Page 244
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HINT: The first line of the exercise on Page 244 ends with मुखान्. This is not the 2/+ form of मुख (as a neuter noun, मुख declines like फल and its 2/+ form is मुखानि). Instead it is the 5/1 form मुखात्, in which the त् has undergone regressive assimilation with the nasal न of the following word निर्गम्य. See the additional notes at the bottom of Lesson 14 for an explanation of this sandhi.
Future Tense
Future tense forms can be easily recognized by the presence of 'स्य' or 'इष्य' at the end of the stem. Unlike the present and imperfect tense forms, all verbs undergo गुण in order to form this stem, regardless of their class. (Review the rules for गुण under the heading 'Class 1' in Lesson 5.) The affixes used to indicate person and number are the same as those of present tense.
Present Passive Participle
Recall that the present active participle (PrAP) is formed by adding either the affix 'त्' or 'मान' to the verb stem. 'त्' is added to stems of परस्मैपद verbs, and 'मान' is added to stems of आत्मनेपद verbs. For example, the PrAP नयत् (from the stem 'नय' meaning 'lead') means 'leading', and the PrAP मोदमान (from the stem 'मोद' meaning 'rejoice') means 'rejoicing'.
Although the formation of the passive stem of a verb is not covered formally until Lesson 27, present passive participles (PrPP) are introduced in the exercises from this lesson. The passive stem of a verb is formed by simply adding the affix 'य' to the root. For example, the passive stem of नी ('lead') is नीय, and the passive stem of मुद् ('rejoice') is मुद्य.
Passive stems take आत्मनेपद affixes, regardless of whether the verb is usually परस्मैपद or आत्मनेपद. Therefore, the PrPP is formed by adding the affix मान to the passive stem. For example, the PrPP of the stem नीय is नीयमान, and the PrPP of the stem मुद्य is मुद्यमान. A PrPP is translated into English as 'being + PPP'. For example, नीयमान means 'being led' and मुद्यमान means 'being rejoiced'.
Although the formation of the passive stem of a verb is not covered formally until Lesson 27, present passive participles (PrPP) are introduced in the exercises from this lesson. The passive stem of a verb is formed by simply adding the affix 'य' to the root. For example, the passive stem of नी ('lead') is नीय, and the passive stem of मुद् ('rejoice') is मुद्य.
Passive stems take आत्मनेपद affixes, regardless of whether the verb is usually परस्मैपद or आत्मनेपद. Therefore, the PrPP is formed by adding the affix मान to the passive stem. For example, the PrPP of the stem नीय is नीयमान, and the PrPP of the stem मुद्य is मुद्यमान. A PrPP is translated into English as 'being + PPP'. For example, नीयमान means 'being led' and मुद्यमान means 'being rejoiced'.
