Exercise Page 408

Exercise Page 413

CORRECTIONS:

• Page 410, the first line of Note 5 should say कृष्णयति (not कृष्णायति).
  
• Page 425, the line beginning अपवृत should be अपावृत, ppp. अप-आ-√वृ

HINT: The words of the exercise verses from the Bhagavad Gītā should be reordered in order to facilitate translation. If you are having trouble working out the anvaya or word order, you can download the suggested word order here.

Causative Verbs

Any root can be transformed into a causative verb stem with the addition of the suffix -अय. This suffix causes the following changes to the root:

• If the root ends in a vowel, or has अ as its penultimate letter, this vowel undergoes वृद्धि, e.g. कृ + अय = कारय
• If the root has a short इ or उ as its penultimate letter, this vowel undergoes गुण, e.g. बुध् + अय = बोधय
• If the root ends in आ, a प् is added to the end of the root, e.g. स्था + अय = स्थापय

NOTE: The processes of गुण and वृद्धि were introduced on Page 83. वृद्धि means that अ becomes आ, इ/ई become ऐ, उ/ऊ become औ, and ऋ/ॠ become आर्. गुण means that इ becomes ए, उ becomes ओ, and ऋ becomes अर्.

There are a few ways a causative verb can be translated into English. For example, using the verb दर्शयति (causative of दृश् 'see' in Present Tense परस्मैपद III/1), the sentence "नृपः पुष्पं दर्शयति" can be translated:

• Using the verb 'cause': "The king causes (someone) to see the flower."
• Using the verb 'have': "The king has (someone) see the flower."
• Using the causative verb in English (if one exists): "The king shows (someone) the flower."

A causative verb has two objects: the person or agent who is caused to do the action (indicated by the word 'someone' in the examples above), and the object of the action itself (the word 'flower' in the examples above).

• The object of the action goes in Second/Accusative case as in other verbs
• The person or agent who is caused to do the action goes in Third/Instrumental case if the verb is transitive (there are some exceptions), and Second/Accusative case if the verb is intransitive.

For example, "सः देवदत्तेन कटं कारयति" means "He causes Devadatta to make a mat" or "He has Devadatta make a mat". And "सः देवदत्तं स्थापयति" means "He causes Devadatta to stand" or "He has Devadatta stand".

The suffix -अय is removed from the stem to make the following verb forms (e.g. स्थापय becomes स्थाप्):

• Gerund with prefix, e.g. अव-स्थाप् + य = अवस्थाप्य ("having caused to stand")
• Past Passive Participle, e.g. स्थाप् + इत = स्थापित ("caused to stand")
• Passive Stem: e.g. स्थाप् + य + ते = स्थाप्यते ("He is caused to stand")

Denominative Verbs

Any noun or adjective can be transformed into a denominative verb stem. The most common process for this is:

• If the verb is intended to have a transitive meaning, the suffix -य is added and the verb is formed using परस्मैपद ('active') suffixes, e.g. शिथिल ('loose') + य + ति = शिथिलयति ('He makes loose')
• If the verb is intended to have an intransitive meaning, the suffix -य is added, if the noun/adjective ends in -अ, it is lengthened to -आ, and the verb is formed using आत्मनेपद ('middle') suffixes), e.g. शिथिल ('loose') + य + ते = शिथिलायते ('He is loose')

एनद्

एनद् is an 'anaphoric' pronoun that is used to specially emphasize reference to a noun that was previously under discussion. It is formed by adding एन् to the pronoun suffixes (see Lesson 7), but it is only used in Second/Accusative case, Third/Instrumental singular, Sixth/Genitive and Seventh/Locative dual (see Page 408). It can be translated as 'he/him, she/her, it, they/them' with special emphasis.