Exercise Page 208
HINTS:
  • The second word the of the exercise on Page 208 is राजा, which is 1/1 of the noun राजन् ('king'). The declension of this word is taught in Lesson 18.
  • The first line of the exercise on Page 208 contains इत्यपि, which is the combined form of writing इत्य् अपि (i.e. इति अपि after sandhi). This combined convention of writing will be taught in Lesson 24.
  • The fourth line of the exercise on Page 208 has the word एताभिः (which undergoes sandhi with वाग्भिस् to form एताभिर् वाग्भिस्). This is the feminine 3/+ form of the pronoun एतद्. The forms of एतद् are almost all the same as तद्, with the addition of the letter ए at the beginning. The pronoun तद् usually refers to a distal object (i.e. 'that') while एतद् refers to a proximal object (i.e. 'this'). Hence एताभिः वाग्भिः can be translated as 'with these words'. See Lesson 7 for a general overview of declensions of pronouns, including एतद्.

Consonant Stems

The case-number forms of noun stems that end in vowels are different, depending on gender of the stem and the vowel that ends it. For example, 6/1 of देव is देवस्य while 6/1 of कन्या is कन्यायाः. In contrast, the forms of noun stems that end in consonants are all made by adding a fixed set of affixes to the stem, regardless of which consonant ends the stem. For example, 6/1 of सुहृद् is सुहृदः, 6/1 of मनस् is मनसः, and 6/1 of बलिन् is बलिनः (i.e. they all have अः added to them). The fixed set of affixes for masculine and feminine stems is as follows:
Several consonant stems are formed by simply adding these affixes to the stem. For example, the forms of सुहृद् are simply सुहृद्, सुहृदः, सुहृदम्, etc. When a stem is joined with an affix beginning with a consonant (coloured blue), the stem undergoes any 'external' sandhi that takes place at the end of a word. This includes the following sandhi rules:
  • Regressive assimilation (already explained in Lesson 14), e.g. सुहृद् + सु = सुहृत्सु
  • A palatal consonant at the end of a word becomes guttural, e.g. वाच् becomes वाक्, वणिज् + भिः = वणिग्भिः
  • A स् at the end of a word becomes visarga, e.g. अंगिरस् becomes अंगिरः
  • Visarga sandhi (already explained in Lesson 11), e.g. अंगिरः + भिः = अंगिरोभिः
  • A न् at the end of a word is dropped if it is the last letter of the noun stem, e.g. बलिन् + भिः = बलिभिः

A new 'internal' sandhi rule is also relevant here. When स् follows क् or any vowel other than अ/आ, the स् becomes ष्. For example वाच् + सु first becomes वाक् + सु (i.e. the palatal च् becomes guttural क्), then स् becomes ष् to give वाक् + षु or वाक्षु.

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