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Exercise Page 274
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Perfect Tense
The perfect tense can be translated exactly as the imperfect. Like the future tense, roots are not divided into classes for the formation of the perfect tense. In general, its formation in Sanskrit consists of three parts: reduplicated root + root + suffix. For example, the आत्मनेपद III/+ form of the root बुध् 'बुबुधे' consists of बु + बुध् + ए. The suffixes for the perfect tense are listed below:
Reduplication of the root involves repeating the letters of the root up to and including the first vowel, e.g. बुध् is reduplicated to form बु. The following rules also apply to the reduplicated portion of the verb form:
The root portion of the verb form also undergoes changes. The following changes occur in the formation of परस्मैपद singular ('strong') forms:
There are a few exceptions to these general rules that occur in all forms except the परस्मैपद singular ('weak' forms):
The complete forms of the root बुध् are listed on Page 270 with the appropriate suffixes added. There are exceptions and special rules for some roots beyond those listed above, however perfect tense forms can usually be identified by their unique suffixes and the presence of reduplication.
- Long vowels are shortened, e.g. दा is reduplicated to द
- ऋ is replaced by अ, e.g. मृ is reduplicated to म
- Aspirated consonants are replaced by unaspirated, e.g. धा is reduplicated to द
- Guttural consonants are replaced by palatal, e.g. कृ is reduplicated to च
- If य or व is the first letter of the root, it is replaced by इ and उ respectively, e.g. यज् is reduplicated to इ and वच् is reduplicated to उ
The root portion of the verb form also undergoes changes. The following changes occur in the formation of परस्मैपद singular ('strong') forms:
- वृद्धि and गुण take place according to the same rules as forming the stem of Class 10 roots (see Lesson 5), e.g. बुध् becomes बोध्, तन् becomes तान्, नी becomes नै
- If the root ends in आ, the III/1 and I/1 form will end in औ, e.g. दा becomes ददौ when fully formed
There are a few exceptions to these general rules that occur in all forms except the परस्मैपद singular ('weak' forms):
- Many roots consisting of CONSONANT-अ-CONSONANT form the stem CONSONANT-ए-CONSONANT (i.e. no separate reduplication and root), e.g. the III/2 form of तन् is तेनतुः (not ततनतुः)
- If य or व is the first letter of the root, it is replaced by इ and उ respectively (e.g. यज् is reduplicated to इ and वच् is reduplicated to उ), and sandhi occurs between the reduplication and the root, e.g. ईजुः, ऊचुः
- Several roots lose their vowel e.g. the III/2 form of गम् is जग्मतुः
The complete forms of the root बुध् are listed on Page 270 with the appropriate suffixes added. There are exceptions and special rules for some roots beyond those listed above, however perfect tense forms can usually be identified by their unique suffixes and the presence of reduplication.
NOTE: The formation of perfect tense forms is the same for all roots regardless of class, other than Class 10 and causative verbs. These verbs have a peculiar form comprised of STEM + आम् + आस् + SUFFIX. For example, for the verb धृ (धारयति), the Perfect III/1 form is धारय + आम् + आस् + अ = धारयामास. This form is technically called the 'periphrastic perfect' form, but the meaning is the same as the regular perfect form. (Technically the periphrastic perfect can be formed with STEM + आम् + the perfect form of अस्, कृ, or भू.)
Imperative
The imperative verb form conveys a command or wish. Second-person forms can be translated in English with the verb on its own, e.g. 'go'. Third-person and first-person forms usually have to include an auxiliary verb such as 'may' or 'let', along with the personal pronoun, e.g. 'may he go', 'let me go'.
The formation of the imperative in Sanskrit is exactly like the present, imperfect, and optative, but with a different set of suffixes. The imperative is most often used as a command in second-person, so it is useful to memorize their forms.
The formation of the imperative in Sanskrit is exactly like the present, imperfect, and optative, but with a different set of suffixes. The imperative is most often used as a command in second-person, so it is useful to memorize their forms.
