Exercise Page 366
Exercise Page 368
CORRECTIONS:
  • Page 353: The Imperative Middle first person forms of द्विष् (i.e. द्वेषै, द्वेषावहै, द्वेषामहै) should be marked with asterisks indicating the strong form
  • Page 375: The second-last entry should read 'पू (पुनाति, पुनीते)' since the root पू is उभयपदी (i.e. it can take both 'active' and 'middle' endings).
  • Page 377: The entry वि-मा (मिमीते) should read 'class III'
HINT: On line 20 of the exercise (sentence 18), the words अस्मिन्नन्तरे break into अस्मिन् अन्तरे. See Lesson 24 for details on this sandhi.

Class 9 Verbs

Stems of Class 9 verbs are formed by adding '-नी' to the root, or '-ना' to form the 'strong' stem. Recall that the following affixes take the 'strong' stem: all 'active' (परस्मैपद) singular suffixes of the present and imperfect; all first person suffixes and the परस्मैपद III/1 suffix of the imperative. A few important rules apply to these stems:
  • The ई at the end of the stem is dropped before suffixes that begin with vowels.
  • The परस्मैपद imperative II/1 is formed with the suffix '-हि' for roots that end in vowels (e.g. क्री + नी + हि = क्रीणीहि), and with the suffix '-आन' added directly to roots that end in consonants, i.e. with no 'नी' to form the stem (e.g. बध् + आन = बधान).

Class 3 Verbs

There is no class ending to form stems of Class 3 verbs. Instead the root is reduplicated according to the same rules as the formation of the perfect tense:
  • Long vowels are shortened, e.g. दा is reduplicated to द
  • Aspirated consonants are replaced by unaspirated, e.g. धा is reduplicated to द
  • Guttural consonants are replaced by palatal, e.g. हु is reduplicated to जु
When a suffix is added that usually takes the 'strong' stem, the suffix causes the stem to undergo गुण if applicable (see गुण letter changes on Page 83). For example the root हु is reduplicated to form the stem जुहु, and when the परस्मैपद present III/1 suffix '-ति' is added, जुहु + ति = जुहोति (i.e. उ underwent गुण to become ओ).

In addition, the present and imperative परस्मैपद III/+ suffixes for Class 3 verbs are अति (not अन्ति) and अतु (not अन्तु), and the imperfect परस्मैपद III/+ suffix is उः which causes गुण to the verb stem.

The roots दा and धा specifically form the weak stems दद् and दध्, which undergo regressive assimilation with suffixes beginning in consonants.

Class 2 Verbs

Like Class 3, there is generally no ending added to form stems of Class 2 verbs. Eligible stems can undergo गुण when a 'strong' suffix is added. Many of the roots of Class 2 end in consonants and so can undergo sandhi when suffixes are added.

Class 7 Verbs

Class 7 verbs form their stems by adding the syllable न (na) before 'strong' suffixes, and the letter न् (n) on its own before 'weak' suffixes. Uniquely, these additions are not made to the end of the root, but before the final consonant of the root. Note that न् can undergo regressive assimilation sandhi (see Lesson 14 for sandhi rules). For example, the root युज् ('join') forms the stem युनज् before 'strong' suffixes and युञ्ज् before 'weak' suffixes.
NOTE: In the context of consonant-ending noun stems (Lesson 16) it was learned that a palatal consonant at the end of a word becomes its guttural equivalent, e.g. वाच् becomes वाक्. This rule must now be extended so that a palatal followed by any consonant other than a semivowel (य्, र्, ल् or व्) or nasal (ङ्, ञ्, ण्, न्, or म्) also becomes its guttural equivalent. Hence for the Class 7 root युज् which forms the stem युनज्, युनज् + ति becomes युनग् + ति and then युनक्ति (by regressive assimilation).