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Exercise Page 222
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CORRECTIONS:
- The last line of the exercise on Page 222 should have the word इति after वदामि, indicating the end of the speech by दुर्वासस्.
- The word प्रभावेन on Line 4 of the exercise on Page 223 should be प्रभावेण (due to the internal sandhi explained on Page 54).
HINT: The word निषीदन्तं on the second line of the exercise on Page 222 is the Present Active Participle in masculine 2/1 of the verb नि-सद् ('sit'), which can be translated as 'sitting'.
Consonant Stems with Two Variants
The affixes added to neuter consonant-ending stems are the same as those of masculine and feminine except the first two cases. Neuter affixes for the first two cases are as follows:
The case and number of a consonant-ending stem is easy to identify, because the same affixes are added consistently to all consonant-ending stems. However it can be difficult to decline consonant-ending stems because in many cases the stems themselves change. For example, when adding the affix इ above to a neuter stem, the final vowel of the stem is usually elongated, and also nasalized if the stem ends in a स्. Hence मनस् + इ = मनांसि.
TIP: Recall that in a बहुव्रीहि compound, the gender of the compound must agree with the gender of the noun to which the compound refers. This means that even if the second word in a बहुव्रीहि compound is neuter, it will decline as a masculine or feminine noun if the compound refers to a masculine or feminine noun. For example, the word तपस् is neuter (usually तपांसि in 1/+). However if it is placed in the बहुव्रीहि compound महातपस् which refers to a masculine noun, its 1/+ form will now be महातपसः.
This variation of the stem usually occurs in the 'first three forms', i.e. 1/1, 1/+, and 2/1. Sometimes the variants are classified with the terminology 'strong', 'middle' and 'weak'. When a noun has only two variants ('strong' and 'weak'), the strong variant occurs with all suffixes coloured red, and the weak variant occurs with all suffixes coloured green or blue. (Nouns with three variants are covered in Lesson 18.) It is worth memorizing the colour of each of the suffixes: only 'the first three' (1/1, 1/+, and 2/1) masculine/feminine suffixes and the neuter pleural suffixes are red; all suffixes that begin with consonants are blue, and the remaining suffixes are green.
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Present Active Participle
Recall that a 'participle' is an adjective formed from a verb. A present active participle (PrAP) is an adjective that describes the agent (doer) of an action that is occurring in the present. In English, the PrAP is usually formed by adding the suffix '-ing' to a verb. For example, the PrAP of the verb 'run' is 'running'. In the sentence "The king sees the running tiger", the PrAP 'running' describes the tiger, which is the agent of action of running that is happening concurrently with the main verb 'sees'.
In Sanskrit, the PrAP of परस्मैपद verbs is formed by adding the affix -त् to the verb stem. For example, the PrAP of the verb stem धाव ('run') is धावत्. The first three masculine forms of धावत् are धावन्, धावन्तः, and धावन्तम्. The neuter 1/+ and 2/+ form is धावन्ति. The remaining forms are made by adding the regular affixes to the stem धावत्. Thus the sentence "The king sees the running tiger" would be written "नृपः धावन्तं व्याघ्रं पश्यति".
The PrAP of आत्मनेपद verbs is formed by adding the affix -मान to the verb stem. For example, the PrAP of the verb stem लभ ('gain') is लभमान. This simply declines like देव, वन, or कन्या depending on the gender.
In Sanskrit, the PrAP of परस्मैपद verbs is formed by adding the affix -त् to the verb stem. For example, the PrAP of the verb stem धाव ('run') is धावत्. The first three masculine forms of धावत् are धावन्, धावन्तः, and धावन्तम्. The neuter 1/+ and 2/+ form is धावन्ति. The remaining forms are made by adding the regular affixes to the stem धावत्. Thus the sentence "The king sees the running tiger" would be written "नृपः धावन्तं व्याघ्रं पश्यति".
The PrAP of आत्मनेपद verbs is formed by adding the affix -मान to the verb stem. For example, the PrAP of the verb stem लभ ('gain') is लभमान. This simply declines like देव, वन, or कन्या depending on the gender.
TIP: Recall that as an adjective, a PrAP must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it describes. The feminine forms of the परस्मैपद PrAP are made by adding the affix ई to the PrAP stem. For example, धावत् becomes धावती, which declines like नदी. (Note that the first three forms are धावन्ती, धावन्त्यः, and धावन्तीम्.)
As a participle, the PrAP can be used the same way as the PPP, including locative absolute clauses.
-वत् and -इन्
The affixes -वत् and -इन् are added to a noun stem to form an adjective in the sense of possession. For example, बल means 'strength', so बलवत् and बलिन् mean 'one who has strength', or simply 'strong'. वत् is added directly to the noun stem, and the व् is replaced by म् if the noun stem ends in a letter other than अ/आ. For example, बुद्धि + वत् becomes बुद्धिमत्. The first three masculine forms of बलवत् are बलवान्, बलवन्तः, and बलवन्तम्. The neuter 1/+ and 2/+ form is बलवन्ति. The rest are formed by adding the usual affixes to the stem.
इन् is added to the stem after removing its final vowel. For example बल + इन् becomes बलिन्. The masculine 1/1 form of बलिन् is बली. The neuter 1/+ and 2/+ form is बलीनि. The rest are formed by adding the usual affixes to the stem. Recall that a न् at the end of a word is dropped, so बलिन् + भिः = बलिभिः.
इन् is added to the stem after removing its final vowel. For example बल + इन् becomes बलिन्. The masculine 1/1 form of बलिन् is बली. The neuter 1/+ and 2/+ form is बलीनि. The rest are formed by adding the usual affixes to the stem. Recall that a न् at the end of a word is dropped, so बलिन् + भिः = बलिभिः.
